(1). Steering system.
The purpose of steering system is to change the direction of motion of a vehicle. This is done by rotating the steering wheel by the driver, which changes the orientation of the front wheels.
When the driver operates the steering wheel, the motion is transferred to the steering gearbox via the steering shaft passing through the steering column. It is then converted into lateral motion by his gear box and transferred to the tie-rods. The left and right tie-rods are connected to the steering knuckles on the left and right wheels respectively. Each knuckle is pivoted on the suspension's upper and lower arms and rotate about this axis when force is applied to the knuckle arm. This causes the wheels to move left or right allowing the direction of the vehicle to be changed.
(2). Braking system.
The braking system reduces wheel rotating speed in order to reduce speed of the vehicle. When brakes are applied on a moving vehicle, the kinetic energy of motion of the vehicle is transformed into heat generated by the friction between the brake lining and the rotating drum (or disc). The heat generated is dissipated into the surrounding air.
Commonly Two types of Brake system use in Automobile.
(1). Service brake (Main system).
The most automotive service brakes are hydraulic brakes. The hydraulic action begins when the force is applied to the brake pedal. This force creates pressure in the master cylinder, either directly or through a power booster. It serves to displace hydraulic fluid stored in the master cylinder. The displaced fluid transmits the pressure through the fluid filled brake lines to the wheel cylinders that actuate the brake shoe or pad mechanism. The actuation of these mechanisms forces the brake pads and linings against the rotors (front wheels) or drums (rear wheels) to stop the wheels.
The master cylinder of a brake system converts pedal force into hydraulic pressure to operate the brakes. When the brake pedal is pressed, pistons in the master cylinder are activated, causing pressure to act on the brake fluid. When the brake pedal is released, return springs move the pistons back to their original positions.
Generally, all the vehicles utilise tandem master cylinders. This type of master cylinder serves two independent hydraulic lines. Since both hydraulic lines are independent, therefore, the fluid loss or other abnormalities in one line do not cause all the brakes to fail.
The master cylinder is fitted with a brake fluid reservoir. The fluid in the reservoir compensates for variations in the fluid level that accompåny movement of pistons and for permanent changes in the quantity of fluid in the brake lines that occur as the brake pads become worn.
(2). Parking brake.
Parking brake is used to hold the vehicle stationary, when applied. At the time of parking the vehicle, it is necessary to apply the parking brake in order to prevent the vehicle from rolling off due to road gradient or blowing wind. The brake operates manually on the rear wheels through cables or mechanical linkage from an auxiliary foot lever or a hand pull. It is held on by a ratchet until released by some means such as a push button or a lever.
The purpose of steering system is to change the direction of motion of a vehicle. This is done by rotating the steering wheel by the driver, which changes the orientation of the front wheels.
When the driver operates the steering wheel, the motion is transferred to the steering gearbox via the steering shaft passing through the steering column. It is then converted into lateral motion by his gear box and transferred to the tie-rods. The left and right tie-rods are connected to the steering knuckles on the left and right wheels respectively. Each knuckle is pivoted on the suspension's upper and lower arms and rotate about this axis when force is applied to the knuckle arm. This causes the wheels to move left or right allowing the direction of the vehicle to be changed.
(2). Braking system.
The braking system reduces wheel rotating speed in order to reduce speed of the vehicle. When brakes are applied on a moving vehicle, the kinetic energy of motion of the vehicle is transformed into heat generated by the friction between the brake lining and the rotating drum (or disc). The heat generated is dissipated into the surrounding air.
Commonly Two types of Brake system use in Automobile.
(1). Service brake (Main system).
The most automotive service brakes are hydraulic brakes. The hydraulic action begins when the force is applied to the brake pedal. This force creates pressure in the master cylinder, either directly or through a power booster. It serves to displace hydraulic fluid stored in the master cylinder. The displaced fluid transmits the pressure through the fluid filled brake lines to the wheel cylinders that actuate the brake shoe or pad mechanism. The actuation of these mechanisms forces the brake pads and linings against the rotors (front wheels) or drums (rear wheels) to stop the wheels.
The master cylinder of a brake system converts pedal force into hydraulic pressure to operate the brakes. When the brake pedal is pressed, pistons in the master cylinder are activated, causing pressure to act on the brake fluid. When the brake pedal is released, return springs move the pistons back to their original positions.
Generally, all the vehicles utilise tandem master cylinders. This type of master cylinder serves two independent hydraulic lines. Since both hydraulic lines are independent, therefore, the fluid loss or other abnormalities in one line do not cause all the brakes to fail.
The master cylinder is fitted with a brake fluid reservoir. The fluid in the reservoir compensates for variations in the fluid level that accompåny movement of pistons and for permanent changes in the quantity of fluid in the brake lines that occur as the brake pads become worn.
(2). Parking brake.
Parking brake is used to hold the vehicle stationary, when applied. At the time of parking the vehicle, it is necessary to apply the parking brake in order to prevent the vehicle from rolling off due to road gradient or blowing wind. The brake operates manually on the rear wheels through cables or mechanical linkage from an auxiliary foot lever or a hand pull. It is held on by a ratchet until released by some means such as a push button or a lever.
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